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Home  ›  KazISS Director Sees Growing Importance of Kazakhstan for US

KazISS Director Sees Growing Importance of Kazakhstan for US

Written By Thursday, 21 July 2022 Add Comment Edit

Bilateral relations

Kazakhstan–American relations
Map indicating locations of Kazakhstan and USA

Republic of kazakhstan
United States
Envoy
Ambassador Yerzhan Ashikbayev Ambassador William H. Moser

The United States and the Republic of kazakhstan established diplomatic relations on December sixteen, 1991. The United States opened its embassy in Almaty in January 1992 and so relocated to Nur-Sultan (at that time known as Astana) in 2006.[ane]

The United States was a critical player in assisting Kazakhstan to get rid of its strategic nuclear weapons stockpile and dismantle its nuclear weapons infrastructure between 1991 and 1996 through the provision of Nunn-Lugar Comprehensive Threat Reduction (CTR) aid. In the time menses between 1992 and 2008, cumulative CTR help to Kazakhstan has culminated to $341 million. At the "2012 Seoul Nuclear Security Tiptop" in March 2012, Presidents Obama and Nazarbayev reaffirmed bilateral cooperation in the areas of nuclear nonproliferation. President Obama went on to say, "The shut relationship between our 2 countries extends across only the nuclear security event, then this coming together will requite us an opportunity to discuss the cooperation that we have built over the last several years with respect to Afghanistan and the help we've received in supplying our troops and helping to assist the Afghan government." In addition to nuclear nonproliferation, the U.S. and Republic of kazakhstan maintain strategic economical and political relations. The U.South. oil company, Chevron, became the commencement major investor in Kazakhstan in 1993 with the establishment of the TengizChevroil articulation venture. Through the Bolashak Plan, Kazakh students study overseas. Currently, there are over 3,000 Bolashak students effectually the earth of which 800 are studying in 42 universities throughout the United States.

Cooperation strengthened later on the September eleven, 2001 attacks as the United States sought strategic partners near Afghanistan, and afterward near Iraq. Counter-terrorism plays an increasingly important role in Kazakhstan'due south relations with the United States and the U.k.,[2] which are at an all-time high.[3] Republic of kazakhstan has taken Uzbekistan's place as the favored partner in Central Asia for both Russia and the United states in the New Great Game.[four] [five] [half dozen] [seven]

The 2 countries closely cooperate in the energy field. In 2001, Kazakhstan and the Usa established the U.S.-Kazakhstan Energy Partnership.[ane]

According to the 2012 U.South. Global Leadership Report, 28% of Kazakhs corroborate of U.Due south. leadership, with 27% disapproving and 45% uncertain.[8]

The U.s. Department of State is critical of the human being rights situation in Kazakhstan, highlighting meaning problems and abuses in its annual land written report.[nine]

In 2016 Kazakhstan and the U.s.a. marked 25th anniversary of the Kazakhstan-U.Due south. relations. To that end, diplomatic missions of both countries launched celebratory events.[10]

Nursultan Nazabayev congratulated Donald Trump on his victory in presidential ballot during their phone call on Nov 30, 2016. The two leaders maintained that they were determined to take "friendly Republic of kazakhstan-American relations to a new level."[11]

Kazakhstan and the U.s.a. announced in December 2016 that they reciprocally introduced 10-year business organization and tourism visas. The announcement was made equally the U.Southward. and Kazakhstan marked the 25th anniversary of diplomatic relations betwixt the two countries.[12]

Strategic Partnership Dialogue [edit]

The Strategic Partnership Dialogue is a bilateral dialogue between Kazakhstan and the Us roofing wide-ranging discussions on bilateral and regional issues. The first SPD was held in Washington on April nine–10, 2012;[13] the second was held in Washington on July 9, 2013. Kazakhstan Foreign Minister Erlan Idrissov and U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry are the co-chairs the Strategic Partnership Dialogue.[14]

Ambassador Kairat Umarov provided an update to the SPD in a March 24, 2014 opinion piece in The Astana Times titled Kazakhstan-U.S. Strategic Partnership on the Rise.

The tertiary Strategic Partnership Dialogue (SPD) took place on December 10, 2014 in Washington DC. Kazakh Foreign Government minister Erlan Idrissov and US Secretary of State John Kerry co-chaired the meeting.[15] The discussions included cooperation on global counterterrorism and counternarcotics issues, nonproliferation, more specifically opening of IAEA LEU Bank in Kazakhstan, EXPO 2017, Republic of kazakhstan's accession to the WTO, and bilateral cooperation in other fields.[xv]

On November 2, 2015, John Kerry visited Astana, where he launched the 4th SPD. The sides discussed the disharmonize in eastern Ukraine, underscoring their support for the Minsk process. Both sides pledged to deepen their cooperation in countering the threats of ISIL, terrorism, and vehement extremism.[xvi] The next session of the fourth Strategic Partnership Dialogue was held in Washington, D.C. on March nine, 2016, and covered a range of issues including: international and regional diplomacy, security cooperation, economic cooperation, governance, rule of law and labor and human being rights in Kazakhstan.[17]

The Fifth coming together of the U.South.-Kazakhstan Strategic Partnership Dialogue took place on September 20, in New York City, on the margins of the 71st Un General Assembly. Republic of kazakhstan's FM Erlan Idrissov met with U.S. Secretary of Land John Kerry. The sides assessed that the strategic partnership between the two countries has never been stronger.[18]

Afghanistan and Regional Integration [edit]

The Usa is looking to Kazakhstan to provide strategic support and regional influence in promotion of peace and security in Afghanistan in the wake of United states troop withdrawal from Afghanistan.[19]

The United States welcomes Kazakhstan'due south leadership function in supporting security in Afghanistan and the region, including through its aid to the Afghan National Security Forces and contribution to the Istanbul Process. The U.s. values Kazakhstan's $50 million scholarship plan to educate one thou Afghan students in Republic of kazakhstan'due south universities. The The states welcomes Kazakhstan's economic connectivity efforts, in detail, its investments in regional infrastructure such equally the Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan railroad and the Caspian seaport of Aktau. The Us and Kazakhstan will continue to work closely together to support stability, peace, and prosperity in Afghanistan and the region.[fourteen]

In a June 2014 interview with KazakhTV in Almaty, Fatema Z. Sumar, the Deputy Assistant Secretarial assistant, Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs, said that Kazakhstan had an important part in supporting the region, specially Afghanistan, transition towards stability and prosperity.[20]

Nuclear Security and Nonproliferation [edit]

Then President Obama repeatedly emphasized Kazakhstan's important leadership function in global nuclear disarmament.[twenty] The United States and Kazakhstan reaffirmed their shared commitment to prevent the spread of weapons of mass devastation.[21] Threat reduction and nonproliferation remain a cornerstone of US-KZ articulation efforts to ensure global and regional security. The United States welcomes Kazakhstan'southward efforts to establish a regional Nuclear Security Training Centre in Republic of kazakhstan. The Usa supported Kazakhstan's offering to host an IAEA Low-Enriched Uranium Depository financial institution.[14] The Obama assistants worked closely with Nazarbayev administration to finalize the agreement for Republic of kazakhstan to host the IAEA LEU Fuel Banking company.[22] In 2015, the U.S. government ended an understanding with the IAEA to host a LEU depository financial institution in Republic of kazakhstan.[23]

Nether the Cooperative Threat Reduction programme, the U.s. spent $240 meg to assist Kazakhstan in eliminating weapons of mass destruction and related infrastructure.[1]

During the 2014 Nuclear Security Summit at The Hague, Presidents Obama and Nazarbayev issued a articulation argument confirming their shared commitment to nonproliferation and strengthening nuclear security.[24]

The Joint Argument went on to state:

The United states of America welcomes the Kazakhstan'due south activities to strengthen nuclear security and implement decisions of the Washington and Seoul Nuclear Security Summits, including by converting the VVR-K enquiry reactor at the Institute of Nuclear Physics (INP) to low enriched uranium (LEU) fuel, downblending the INP'due south highly enriched uranium (HEU) cloth and removing the HEU spent fuel from the reactor. The United states and Republic of kazakhstan will continue to work together to convert Kazakhstan's remaining HEU reactors to LEU fuel and eliminate all remaining HEU inquiry reactor fuel as soon as technically feasible.[24]

The 4th Nuclear Security Top (NSS 2016) took identify on March 31 - April ane, 2016 in Washington D.C.[25] President Nursultan Nazarbayev addressed the Summit saying that Kazakhstan is regarded every bit one of the 20 countries to have the highest level of security of the nuclear facilities and materials.[26] Inside the framework of the NSS 2016, Kazakhstan and the U.S. adopted the joint statement on cooperation in the sphere of non-proliferation and nuclear security. The sides too reiterated overall commitment to keep practical cooperation in that sphere.[27]

Common Initiatives [edit]

The Usa and Republic of kazakhstan have many common interests in the field of not-proliferation of nuclear weapons. On August 29, 1991, when Nursultan Nazarbayev closed downward the Semipalatinsk nuclear examination site, it has been a world leader in the motility for not-proliferation.[28] In this capacity information technology has worked closely with Washington to advance not-proliferation further. In 2006 it joined with its Central Asian neighbors Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan to affirm that the entire region would forever be a nuclear weapons costless zone.[28] To be sure, the U.S. initially opposed this out of fear that it would exclude the transport of nuclear fabric across the region, but in the end this step, too, earned stiff endorsements from Washington.[28] Beyond this, Kazakhstan has educated a younger generation that is open to the earth, clearly oriented towards free and legal markets, and eager to participate in the affairs of their government through normal democratic channels.[28] During his 2015 visit to Astana U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry stated that President Obama appreciated President Nazarbayev's leadership on issues of nuclear nonproliferation and countering violent extremism.

Nuclear Security Training Center [edit]

The United States is working with Kazakhstan to develop a Nuclear Security Preparation Middle (NSTC) in lodge to meliorate indigenous security and safeguards training capabilities for all nuclear facilities in Republic of kazakhstan.[30] The NSTC aims to teach nuclear personnel how to strengthen their material protection, control, and accounting and counter nuclear and radioactive trafficking.[31] U.S. Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Assistants (DOE/NNSA) support includes amalgam and equipping the NSTC as well as curriculum development for physical protection and cloth control and accounting specialists. The current projected completion engagement is before the end of 2015. The U.s., led by the Department of State and in coordination with the Departments of Energy and Defense, is collaborating with Kazakhstan to develop a counter nuclear smuggling curriculum at the center and other related nuclear security training.[30]

Highly Enriched Uranium Removals [edit]

The United States has been working with Kazakhstan to eliminate its excess Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) since the completion of Projection Sapphire in 1994, when the ii countries cooperated to remove and ship to the United States approximately 600 kilograms of HEU from Republic of kazakhstan.[thirty] In recent years, the US Department of Energy / National Nuclear Security Administration (DOE/NNSA) Global Threat Reduction Initiative (GTRI) has returned almost 75 kilograms of HEU spent fuel to Russia and has downblended all remaining fresh HEU (33 kilograms) in-country. One time the terminal three research reactors are converted to LEU, (DOE/NNSA) volition work with Kazakhstan to return the remaining 85 kg of HEU at these facilities to the Russian federation for disposition. The next shipment volition accept identify in late 2014 from the Constitute of Nuclear Physics in Alatau.[30]

On seven January 2015 the U.s. Section of Free energy's National Nuclear Security Assistants (DOE/NNSA) announced the removal of 36 kilograms (approximately 80 pounds) of highly enriched uranium (HEU) spent fuel from the Institute of Nuclear Physics (INP) in Almaty.[32]

Kazakhstan and the United States agreed to work jointly to safely dispose of highly enriched uranium. The agreement was signed by US Nether Secretarial assistant for Nuclear Security of the Department of Free energy Lisa Gordon-Hagerty and Kanat Bozumbayev, the energy minister of Kazakhstan, at the IAEA's 63rd General Conference in September 2019.[33]

HEU and Plutonium Security and Disposition [edit]

The United States has worked with Republic of kazakhstan to complete the transportation of x metric tons of HEU and 3 metric tons of plutonium – enough fabric to make 775 nuclear weapons – from the Kazakhstan BN-350 facility in Aktau to a secure facility in the northeastern office of the state.[30] Currently, Kazakhstan is in the processing of performing a feasibility report to evaluate options for concluding disposition of this cloth.[30]

Security cooperation [edit]

The United states and Kazakhstan affirmed their connected collaboration in support of stability in the region, including through our articulation efforts on counterterrorism. Our commitment to security cooperation is demonstrated by activities such equally U.S. support for Kazakhstan's peacekeeping brigade KAZBAT[34] and the almanac military exercise Steppe Eagle.[35] [14]

Kazakhstan and the USA hold regular meetings dedicated to developing cooperation in the field of security and the fight confronting organized crime, terrorism, extremism and drug trafficking.[36] In May 2015 Full general Prosecutor of the Republic of Kazakhstan Askhat Daulbayev met with U.S. Ambassador to Kazakhstan George Krol in Astana to discuss wide-ranging issues of bilateral legal cooperation, including transnational organized crime, terrorism, and drug trafficking.[36] Daulbayev noted that Kazakhstan'southward General Prosecutor Function is actively cooperating with the U.Southward. in fighting confronting crimes.[36]

In August 2016 US Under Secretarial assistant for Civilian Security, Republic and Human being Rights Sarah Sewall conducted a trip to Kazakhstan to discuss with her Kazakh counterparts ways the two countries can strengthen their cooperation confronting terrorism.[37]

The U.South. State Department'due south coordinator for counterterrorism, Nathan Sales, visited Republic of kazakhstan on October 7 and viii, 2019, to talk over the U.S. – Kazakhstan counterterrorism partnership and Kazakhstan's efforts to repatriate its citizens from Syria. Ambassador Sales said that Kazakhstan's repatriation plan could serve every bit a roadmap for other countries to do the same.[38]

U.s.a. Secretary of State Antony Blinken has pointed to Kazakhstan's work to repatriate more than 600 fighters and family unit members of Kazakh citizenship as a model for other countries.[39]

Commonwealth and development [edit]

The United States and Kazakhstan reaffirmed the importance of democratic development and efforts to strengthen representative institutions such as an independent media and local cocky-government. Both sides acknowledged the importance of a vibrant and varied civil society during the Strategic Partnership Dialogue roundtable on governance and human rights with non-governmental organizations.[14] The United States welcomes Kazakhstan's efforts to found a national evolution aid agency, KazAID.[40]

Secretarial assistant Kerry Meets With Republic of kazakhstan President Nazarbayev in Astana, 2015

Kazakhstan is the beginning country in Fundamental Asia to accept a national system of ODA (official evolution assist).[41] The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) expressed its hope that the establishment of the KazAID would help build a more stable and secure environment.[41]

On December 10, 2014, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry and Kazakhstan's Strange Minister Erlan Idrissov co-chaired the third meeting of the Strategic Partnership Dialogue in Washington, DC.[42] The two sides highlighted the robust and growing bilateral ties between Kazakhstan and the United States.[42] The wide-ranging discussions on bilateral and regional bug in the Strategic Partnership Dialogue included the post-obit: partnership on global issues; nonproliferation; democracy, human rights, and development; trade, investment, and energy; Afghanistan and regional integration; security and law enforcement cooperation; armed services cooperation; educational activity, science, and technology partnership; evolution in humanitarian aid; EXPO-2017.[42]

Economical cooperation [edit]

American and Kazakh delegations meet in 2020

The American Chamber of Commerce in Kazakhstan represents nigh 200 member companies in 30 manufacture sectors.[43] 15%, or $48.4 billion, of total FDI in Kazakhstan originated from the Usa.[44]

Trade and business [edit]

Kazakhstan is currently the 79th largest goods trading partner of the U.S. with $2.1 billion in total (two way) goods trade during 2018. U.S. goods exports to Kazakhstan in 2018 were $729 million, up 32.ane% ($177 one thousand thousand) from 2017. Kazakhstan was the U.s.' 72nd largest supplier of goods imports in 2018. U.South. goods imports from Kazakhstan totaled $1.4 billion in 2018, upward 75.0% ($593 million) from 2017.[45]

Co-ordinate to the U.s. diplomatic mission in Republic of kazakhstan, Kazakhstan provides trade and investment prospects for U.Due south. firms seeking new opportunities in one of the well-nigh dynamic of the emerging markets.[46] The U.s. Chamber of Commerce produces each year the commercial guide for US companies. U.S. firms invested more than $42 billion in Kazakhstan between 1993 and 2013. Two-way merchandise between the United states and Kazakhstan reached $two.4 billion in 2014.[i]

The United states has applied Kazakhstan with Normal Merchandise Relations condition. The U.Due south. Chamber of Commerce advocates that it is in the national interest of the United States to provide Kazakhstan permanent normal trade relations.[47]

Republic of kazakhstan'due south ambassador to the U.S. Kairat Umarov visited Springfield, Missouri in Baronial 2014 to cultivate commercial opportunities for American and Kazakh companies.[48] This resulted in Springfield, Missouri based Allen Global President Jerry Nichols to travel to Kazakhstan and subsequently announce a major expansion into Kazakhstan that will create more American and Kazakh jobs.[49]

The U.South. Ambassador to Kazakhstan, George Krol, affirmed U.S. commitment to Kazakhstan in a 2015 interview. Ambassador Krol said, "The United States and Kazakhstan, I would say, accept been made for each other. And nosotros accept pledged to deepen this strategic partnership and increment our economical and business organisation interaction. In this role, we accept agreed that we volition piece of work on the evolution of our commercial cooperation."[50]

In June 2015 Republic of kazakhstan finalized its accession to WTO.[51] On this occasion US Ambassador to Kazakhstan George Krol said: "Information technology meets our interests because Republic of kazakhstan plays an important function in the global economy and has to be a member of the WTO. We supported Kazakhstan'south WTO accession and will continue to support Kazakhstan."[51]

In 2014 Kazakhstan sold the U.S. about 12 million pounds of uranium, which is 23% of the full 53.iii million pounds purchased past the U.S. It is twice more than in 2013.[52]

Prime Government minister of Kazakhstan Bakytzhan Sagintayev visited the United States on April 11–14, 2017. The goal of the trip was to discuss with the U.S. business leaders opportunities for cooperation in regards to the 3rd Modernization of Kazakhstan's economic system. The Prime Government minister met with the CEO of Chevron, the representatives of the largest financial institutions, every bit well as tech companies in the Silicon Valley.[53] During the Prime Minister's visit, the U.S. and Kazakh sides signed an agreement on opening a Representative Office of Kazakhstan in the Silicon Valley.[54]

Astana hosted the U.S. – Republic of kazakhstan business forum June 14, 2017. The forum was attended by 25 U.S. companies and representatives of Kazakh state bodies, national companies and local business representatives. The event aimed to attract U.Southward. companies to priority sectors, including car assembly industry, health, structure, agriculture and calorie-free industry.[55]

Strange direct investment [edit]

U.S. companies are the 2d largest investors in Kazakhstan. In 2019, $v.5 billion of FDI was directed to Kazakhstan from the U.Due south., which accounted for 23% of total FDI in the country.[56]

Kazakhstan - United states of america Convention [edit]

The first Kazakhstan - US Convention took place in Washington, DC on Dec xi, 2013.[57] The theme of the 2013 Convention was Successful Strategic Partnership. It centered on moving forward the existing partnership between Kazakhstan and the The states, increasing strategic cooperation and opening new opportunities for long-term initiatives between American and Kazakhstan.[57]

The 2013 convention was attended by several members of the U.s.a. Congress, including Senator Kelly Ayotte, Representative Henry Cuellar, TX, Representative Jim Bridenstine, OK, Representative Ted Poe, TX, Representative Dana Rohrabacher, CA, Representative Steve Stockman, TX, Representative Leonard Lance, NJ, Representative Bill Pascrell, NJ, Representative Mike Fitzpatrick, PA, Representative Rob Andrews, NJ, Representative Michelle L. Grisham, NM, Representative Pete Olson, TX, Representative Pete Gallego, TX, Representative Mark Meadows, NC, Representative Chris Gibson, NY, Representative Doug Collins, GA, Representative Hakeem Jeffries, NY, Representative Grace Meng, NY, Representative Stephen Lynch, MA, Representative Corrine Brown, FL, and Representative Donna Edward, Dr..[58]

The 2nd Kazakhstan - United States Convention was held on December 10, 2014 and held the theme "Working Together For A Secure Time to come."[57] A video was produced to highlight the topics covered at the 2014 convention.

The 2014 convention comprised opening ceremony, political and business sessions.[57] Frederick Kempe, CEO and president of the Atlantic Council, moderated the political session.[57] Erlan Idrissov, Government minister of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan, and Madeleine Albright, former secretary of country, were the keynote speakers of the session.[57] As well Banana Secretary of State Nisha Biswal, Deputy Administrator of National Nuclear Security Assistants Anne Harrington, old deputy secretary of free energy Daniel Poneman and senior fellow and manager of CSIS Russia and Eurasia Programme Andrew Kuchins gave speeches during this part of the event.[57]

The business organization session of the second convention was moderated past president of USKBA William Courtney.[57] Keynote speakers of the session included Government minister of Economic Integration of Republic of kazakhstan Zhanar Aitzhanova and Under Secretary of State Catherine Novelli.[57] The speakers of the business session were deputy chair of Astana EXPO-2017 Ainur Kuatova, Deputy Chair of KAZNEX INVEST Assel Yergaziyeva, former Under Secretarial assistant of State Robert Hormats, president of Guggenheim International Steven J. Dark-green, executive secretary of National Chamber of Entrepreneurs Sabr Yesimbekov.[57]

tertiary Kazakhstan - U.S. Convention was held on December eight, 2015 at U.S. Institute of Peace. The theme of the convention was "Route to the Astana EXPO 2017: Shared Prosperity and Dynamic Development."[59] 2016 marks 25 years of Kazakhstan - U.S. diplomatic relations. The 25th anniversary became the principal theme of the 4th Convention held on Dec 6, 2016 at Ritz Carlton Hotel in Washington DC. The theme of the quaternary Convention was titled every bit "Kazakhstan - U.Due south. Strategic Partnership Celebrating the Quarter Century Milestone."[60]

The quaternary Kazakhstan - U.Due south. Convention was held on December 6, 2016 and keynoted by U.S. Deputy Secretary of Commerce Bruce Andrews.[61] Secretarial assistant Andrews mentioned how U.S. companies have contributed to Kazakhstan's growth and development.[61]

U.S. – Kazakh Business Quango [edit]

The U.S. Bedchamber of Commerce announced on September 1, 2020 the launch of the U.S.-Kazakhstan Business organization Council (USKZBC). The new Quango is aimed at advancing economical and commercial cooperation betwixt the two countries.[62]

Green economic system [edit]

Kazakhstan and the U.s. partner under the Power the Future program that helps to increment the deployment of renewable free energy and free energy efficiency technologies. With support from Power the Future, Kazakhstan designed an inclusive auction process that balances risks between investors and the government. In 2018 and 2019, Kazakhstan saw a total of 28 auctions, with bid prices coming in betwixt 23 and 64% below previous renewable tariff ceilings.[63]

Science and engineering science cooperation [edit]

Kazakh Prime Minister Bakhytzhan Sagintayev conducted a working visit to the U.Due south. in Apr, 2017. I of the master focus of the trip was promoting cooperation in Information technology technologies and engineering. To that cease, the Prime Minister met with the Silicon Valley companies, such every bit Tesla Motors and Cisco among others. During his visit, the Kazakh Prime Minister also signed different memoranda with the American companies that are expected to start cooperation in the technology sphere.[64]

Homo rights [edit]

The 2014 country written report of the United States Land Department'southward Bureau of Democracy, Homo Rights and Labor criticizes many aspects of the human being rights situation in Republic of kazakhstan,[65] pointing out that –

The president controls the legislature and the judiciary as well every bit regional and local governments. Changes or amendments to the constitution require presidential consent. The 2012 national elections for the Mazhilis (lower business firm of parliament) fell short of international standards, every bit did the 2011 presidential election, in which President Nazarbayev received 95 per centum of the vote. Civilian government maintained effective control over the security forces.

The most significant human rights problems were astringent limits on citizens' ability to modify the government through the right to vote in gratuitous and off-white elections; restrictions on freedom of speech, press, assembly, religion, and association; and lack of an independent judiciary and due process, especially in dealing with pervasive corruption and abuses by constabulary enforcement and judicial officials. During the year the parliament passed new criminal and administrative offenses codes likewise as a new labor constabulary, that have the potential to further limit freedoms of speech, associates, and religion.

Other reported abuses included: arbitrary or unlawful killings; armed services hazing that led to deaths; detainee and prisoner torture and other abuse; harsh and sometimes life-threatening prison house conditions; arbitrary arrest and detention; infringements on citizens' privacy rights; prohibitive political party registration requirements; restrictions on the activities of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs); violence and discrimination confronting women; abuse of children; sexual practice and labor trafficking; discrimination confronting persons with disabilities; societal bigotry against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons; discrimination against those with HIV/AIDS; and child labor.

The authorities took some steps to prosecute officials who committed abuses, especially in high-profile corruption cases, including several deputy ministers, a regional governor, and the chair of the Agency for Regulating Natural Monopolies; withal, corruption was widespread, and impunity existed for those in positions of authority too equally for those with connections to government or law enforcement officials.[ix]

The The states and Kazakhstan have affirmed their work in the surface area of homo rights. In 2013, the Republic of kazakhstan Commission for Children's Rights Protection and the General Prosecutor's office met with Special Advisor for Children'due south Issues of the U.S. Department of Land Susan Jacobs to discuss the underground online network of adopting children and have created a commission to crack downwards on these illicit adoption rings. The US will be providing information to Kazakhstan on those networks and help sympathize the living weather of adopted Kazakh children in the United states.[66]

Republic of kazakhstan and the USAID completed the Nobility and Rights programme in October 2020. The programme was funded past the USAID to combat the international trafficking in persons and promote migrants' rights.[67]

Rule of Police force [edit]

A U.s. government written report released in 2014 commented that in Kazakhstan:

The law does non require police to inform detainees that they accept the right to an attorney, and police did non do so. Human rights observers declared that police enforcement officials dissuaded detainees from seeing an attorney, gathered bear witness through preliminary questioning before a detainee's attorney arrived, and in some cases used corrupt defense attorneys to gather evidence. ... The law does not adequately provide for an independent judiciary. The executive branch sharply limited judicial independence. Prosecutors enjoyed a quasi-judicial part and had the say-so to append courtroom decisions. Abuse was axiomatic at every phase of the judicial process. Although judges were among the most highly paid authorities employees, lawyers and homo rights monitors alleged that judges, prosecutors, and other officials solicited bribes in commutation for favorable rulings in the majority of criminal cases.[68]

The Rule of Law Initiative of the American Bar Clan has programs to train justice sector professionals in Kazakhstan.[69] Kazakhstan'south Supreme Court appear steps to modernize and to increase transparency and oversight over the state'south legal system. With funding from the U.Due south. Agency for International Development, the ABA Rule of Constabulary Initiative (ABA ROLI) began a new program in April 2012 to strengthen the independence and accountability of Kazakhstan'southward judiciary.[57]

The Procurator General of Republic of kazakhstan and the Federal Agency of Investigation collaborated successfully in a circuitous seven-year investigation into a February 11, 2006 triple homicide of Altynbek Sarsenbayev, Baurzhan Baibosyn, and Vasiliy Zhuravlev.[70]

In June 2016, the American Bar Association Dominion of Law Initiative held a circular table dedicated to judicial practice concerning cases related to extremism and terrorism. The participants of the round table included representatives of the Kazakh Supreme Court, the Union of Judges of Kazakhstan, and the U.Due south. Bureau for International Development (USAID).[71]

On October ii, 2020, the USAID launched a five-twelvemonth rule of law programme for over $7 million to support legal reforms in Kazakhstan.[72] The Supreme Court and the Ministry of Information and Public Development of Republic of kazakhstan partner with the USAID under this plan.

Justice Sector Institutional Strengthening Projection [edit]

The Justice Sector Institutional Strengthening Projection, a project to strengthen judicial services in Kazakhstan and to improve the key legal and rule of law environment, will receive a $36 million loan from the Earth Banking concern Group.[73]

Treaty on Common Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters [edit]

On Feb twenty, 2015, Deputy Assistant Attorney General and Section of Justice Counselor for International Affairs Bruce C. Swartz and Prosecutor General of the Democracy of Kazakhstan Askhat Daulbayev signed a Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters in Washington DC.[74] The Treaty provides a formal intergovernmental mechanism for the provision of evidence and other forms of constabulary enforcement help in criminal investigations, prosecutions, and related proceedings.[74] In July 2015 Republic of kazakhstan ratified the agreement.[75]

Military & Security Cooperation [edit]

Reportedly responding to a U.Southward. appeal, the Kazakhstani legislature in May 2003 canonical sending military engineers to assist in coalition operations in Iraq. The 27 troops trained Iraqis in de-mining and water purification. They pulled out of Iraq in late 2008. Since 2009, Republic of kazakhstan has permitted air and country transit for U.S. and NATO troops and equipment—as part of the Northern Distribution Network—to back up stabilization operations in Afghanistan.

For almost a decade, thousands of service members and civilians from more than xv nations have converged on the Republic of Republic of kazakhstan for Practice Steppe Eagle. More 1,000 participants from six countries are invited to exist a part of the multinational, peacekeeping practice at Camp Illisky (a training facility outside Republic of kazakhstan'southward largest city, Almaty).

The second phase of the Steppe Eagle 2015 peacekeeping exercises began June 15, 2015 at the Ili training surface area near Almaty.[76] Information technology was the 13th time the exercise was held.[76] Annually, exercises involved more than 1,500 people every bit well every bit military observers from foreign states, experts from various NATO headquarters and armed forces-diplomatic corps accredited in Republic of kazakhstan.[76]

During the 2d Iraq State of war, Kazakhstani troops dismantled 4 million mines and other explosives, and aid provide medical care to more than than v,000 coalition members and civilians, and purified 718 cubic meters of water.

Since 1995, Kazakhstan has been partnered with the state of Arizona through the Country Partnership Program which works to build relationships, acquire best practices, foster military and civilian ties.[77]

Kazakhstan's Armed forces Institute of Land Forces has an exchange program with West Point Military Academy in the USA.[78] Each yr student from the Kazakhstan's military institute visit W Indicate to become familiar with cadets' routine, take raining, physical reparation and military machine preparation.[78] Cadets from West Point, in their plow, visit Kazakhstan's Armed forces Institute of Land Forces for the same purposes.[78]

Kazakh military officials take sought to learn from the U.S. Regular army on Kazakhstan's transition from a conscript to an all-volunteer army.[79]

Phase one of Steppe Eagle 2016 was held in Illisky Preparation Center cracking Almaty on Apr 11–22. The peacekeeping do featured instructors and soldiers from the Republic of kazakhstan Peacekeeping Operations Training Centre, U.K. soldiers from the 1st Rifles Battalion, 160th Brigade, and Soldiers from the Arizona National Guard. Phase ii of Steppe Eagle 2016 scheduled to take place in the U.G. in July.[80]

The second stage of the Steppe Hawkeye 2016 International Peacekeeping Exercise took place at Stanford Grooming Surface area in the United Kingdom. The participant countries included Republic of kazakhstan, the U.K., the U.S., Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.[81]

Phase ane of Steppe Eagle 2017 took identify March 31 to April eleven, 2017, at Illisky Preparation Centre, Kazakhstan. Nearly 50 U.S. and U.K. soldiers and over 500 Kazakh soldiers participated in the peacekeeping exercises that focused on medical and advice operations.[82]

Bilateral Meetings [edit]

Nursultan Nazarbayev and the George W. Bush-league Administration [edit]

In May 2006 Vice President Dick Cheney traveled to Kazakhstan to meet with President Nazarbayev to promote the expansion of oil and gas export routes.[83] This was the third meeting between Cheney and Nazarbayev, the commencement occurring when Cheney was CEO of Halliburton, and the 2nd shortly subsequently Cheney became vice president. After the meeting, Nazarbayev publicly stated that memoranda of understanding had been signed for co-financing of Kazakh projects and $158 million allocated for defense projects.[84]

On September 29, 2006, Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev met with President George West. Bush in the White Firm. In their public remarks President Bush-league thanked Nazarbayev for his state's support in Afghanistan, and stated the ii had discussed Kazakhstan's ascension to the WTO and commitment to institutions "that will enable liberty to flourish."[85] President Nazarbayev pointed to the strength in bilateral relations between the two countries every bit resulting from cooperation on matters of free energy security, Bush'due south state of war on terror, and economic agreements.[85] The joint proclamation signed by both leaders highlighted several bilateral and global issues; these included American support for Kazakh oil and gas pipeline expansion in the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan project, Republic of kazakhstan'due south national development into a various and stable economy, and Kazakh ascent to the WTO. Included in the articulation argument was a component focused on Kazakhstan'southward efforts to invest in "its citizens ... an independent media, local self-government, and elections accounted free and fair past international standards."[86]

Erzhan Ashikbayev in the United states of america [edit]

Vice Government minister of Foreign Affairs of Republic of kazakhstan Erzhan Ashikbayev visited the United States on June 10–12, 2014, where he met with the leadership of the White House, State Section, United States Congress, the Department of Defense, Department of Energy, as well as with representatives of the U.S. export and business community.[87]

Coming together of Nursultan Nazarbayev with the U.S. Congressmen [edit]

President Nursultan Nazarbayev met with the members of the United states of america Congress Dana Rohrabacher and Gregory Meeks on Sept. 5, 2014 in Borovoye, 250 kilometres north from the Kazakh capital.[88] The U.S. congressmen expressed hope for further strengthening of the mutually beneficial partnership between the ii countries.[88]

Also on Sept. five, the U.S. congressmen had a coming together with Kazakh Foreign Government minister Erlan Idrissov. With Idrissov, who spent five years equally Republic of kazakhstan's ambassador in Washington, they discussed the current land and outlook for cooperation between Kazakhstan and the United States in political, economic and merchandise areas.[88]

The congressmen discussed the readiness jointly with U.Southward. businesses to offer shared projects in not-oil sectors of Kazakhstan economy. The American side also supported Republic of kazakhstan'south accession to the WTO and the economic development strategy of the country. The ii sides underlined their cooperation in global security issues, primarily in not-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and regional security issues, including the state of affairs in Afghanistan.[88]

Nursultan Nazarbayev and Barack Obama [edit]

U.S. President Barack Obama repeatedly stressed the important nature of the Kazakh-U.S. relationship, citing economic problems, man rights and regional security.[89] In 2012 during the nuclear security superlative in Seoul, South Korea, Obama noted: "The close human relationship betwixt our 2 countries extends beyond just the nuclear security issue".[89]

On January 21, 2015 Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev held a late dark phone conversation with the U.S. President Barack Obama.[90] The main topic of the call was due south-eastern Ukraine.[90] Obama praised Republic of kazakhstan'southward efforts in strengthening international security and expressed his hope that the Kazakh President will continue to actively contribute to finding a peaceful solution to the conflict in Ukraine.[90]

President Nazarbayev was one of four heads of land President Obama held bilateral meetings with during the 2015 United nations General Assembly in New York City.[91]

Nursultan Nazarbayev and Donald Trump [edit]

Donald Trump and Nursultan Nazarbayev held their first bilateral phone conversation soon later on Trump'due south election as President of the U.s.a..[92]

The first meeting between Presidents Donald Trump and Nursultan Nazarbayev came on the sidelines of the Arab-Islamic-American Pinnacle held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The two leaders exchanged thoughts on strengthening the bilateral relationship between their countries and prospects for "deepening relations in merchandise, economic, political, cultural and humanitarian spheres," according to the Kazakhstan embassy website.[93] In later statements Donald Trump expressed his view that the two leaders "developed an firsthand relationship" in this meeting.[94]

On January 16, 2018, President Donald Trump met with President Nazarbayev in the White House, the first such visit in Washington past the Kazakh head of state since a 2006 meeting with so-President George W. Bush.[95] Prior to the meeting, Kazinform, a Kazakh state-news agency and one of the largest media outlets in Kazakhstan, stated that the coming together would focus on "the promotion of regional and global security," including specific situations in Afghanistan, Syrian arab republic, and Russia, as well as a centering on Kazakhstan'southward cooperation with the United states of america in nuclear nonproliferation.[96] In their public remarks from Washington, President Trump highlighted economic cooperation betwixt the countries, citing deals with companies General Electrical and Boeing, while as well referring to regional security cooperation in Saudi Arabia. Trump praised Kazakhstan for their economic deals and Nazarbayev'south "swell, slap-up job" as president. President Nazarbayev positively referred to American support for Kazakhstan's independence and growing economic cooperation.[94] Nazarbayev as well praised President Trump'due south signing of tax cut legislation in December 2017, calling it an "outstanding decision," and alluding to similar legislation passed in Republic of kazakhstan.[97]

Kassym-Jomart Tokayev and Under-Secretarial assistant of State [edit]

Kazakhstan President Tokayev met with Under-Secretary of State for Political Diplomacy David Have on Baronial 21, 2019 in Nur-Sultan, Republic of kazakhstan. The meeting was of import as it was one of the starting time official meetings with the new President administration of Kazakhstan. Information technology was a chance for both sides to reiterate their commitment to common goals in the bilateral relations.[98]

Kassym-Jomart Tokayev and Donald Trump [edit]

President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev met for the first time with President Donald Trump on September 25, 2019 on the sidelines of the 74th session of the United nations General Assembly. The presidents agreed to strengthen cooperation in political, merchandise, economic, humanitarian and security spheres.[99]

C5+i meetings [edit]

C5+one is a format for dialogue betwixt foreign ministers of the U.s. and the Central Asian countries. The beginning C5 +1 meeting was held in November 2015 in Samarkand, Uzbekistan.[100] The 2nd meeting took place on Baronial 3, 2016 in Washington DC. The foreign ministers stressed the importance of developing the send, logistics and energy potential of Central Asia. Secretarial assistant of Land John Kerry emphasized the willingness of the U.S. to promote initiatives on counterterrorism, trade and investment, economic evolution, and clean energy in the Cardinal Asian countries.[101] The six ministers agreed to launch five projects related to these goals, which the U.S. plans to support with upward to $xv 1000000.[102]

The 2019 C5+i coming together was held in Nur-Sultan, Republic of kazakhstan on August 21. The U.S. delegation was led past Under-Secretary of Land for Political Affairs David Hale.[103]

Next C5+1 meeting took place in New York on September 22, 2019. The newly appointed Foreign Government minister of Kazakhstan, Mukhtar Tileuberdi, led the Kazakh delegation. The US delegation was led by United states of america Secretary of State Mike Pompeo. The parties discussed means to expand trade and investment ties likewise as integration processes.[104]

Response to the September 11, 2001 attacks [edit]

President of Republic of kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev with U.Southward. President George Due west. Bush-league

After the September 11, 2001 attacks, Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev sent a message to U.S. President George W. Bush expressing "indignation nigh terrorist acts that resulted in loss of numerous lives." The "civilized community must unite and take effective measures to fight international terrorism. All the Republic of kazakhstan people sympathize with the American people in their grief and mourn aver [sic] the tragedy."[105]

According to the Centre for Defense Information, the Kazakh government has been "extremely supportive [of] the U.S.-led war against terrorism." The government offered the use of a major airport for Performance Enduring Freedom. Over 800 U.S. flights over Kazakh territory were approved and went ahead. CDI'due south profile of Kazakhstan credits security forces for "stride[ing] up efforts to protect U.S. government facilities and oil facilities with U.S. private investment" and pledging to "freeze the assets of terrorists identified on the U.S. designated terrorist asset-freeze list." The U.South. officially gave the Kazakh authorities Us$52.893 million in 2002, $47 million in 2003, and $36.two 1000000 in 2004.[106] In addition, U.South. Regime agencies spent $92 one thousand thousand in aid programs in Kazakhstan in 2003.[107]

In a oral communication given on December 19, 2001 at the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council during the Defence Ministers session, Mukhtar Altynbayev, the Kazakh Minister of Defense and Full general of the Kazakh Ground forces, said the attacks "demonstrated that international terrorism has no borders and represents a threat to all the world community." He reaffirmed Republic of kazakhstan'south will to fight terrorism and the need to "punish" terrorists and their sponsors. Addressing the possibility, raised by NATO experts, of using Kazakh airfields for counterterrorist operations, he said there were "other practical issues under consideration," just that Kazakhstan would commit to providing humanitarian aid to Afghans.[105]

On September 11, 2006, the fifth anniversary of the attacks, the Astana Congress issued a Proclamation on Religion, Society and International Security, promoting working "together to tackle and ultimately eliminate prejudice, ignorance and misrepresentation of other religions. These common views include the condemnation of terrorism on the basis that justice can never exist established through fear and mortality and that the use of such means is a violation and expose of any religion that appeals to human goodness and dialogue." President Nazarbayev said at the briefing, "An ideology of tolerance and dialogue must confront the ideology of terrorism. The global nature of interfaith contradictions and religious dialogue allows us to think that (the) U.N. volition declare ane of the following years (the) International Year of Religious and Cultural Tolerance. Nosotros should effort best efforts in gild to root out ideology of terrorism and maintain cloth values of humanism ... At that place inappreciably exists something in the world comparable to potential of religion."[108]

Guantanamo Bay detainees [edit]

Three Kazakh citizens, Yaqub Abahanov, Abdulrahim Kerimbakiev, and Abdallah Tohtasinovich Magrupov, all built-in in Semey, are held in extrajudicial detention in the United states' Guantanamo Bay detainment camp, in Cuba for alleged ties to the Taliban. Additionally, Uzbek citizen and Guantánamo captive Ilkham Turdbyavich Batayev'due south birthplace is Abaye, Kazakhstan.[109]

Idrisov-Rushailo declaration [edit]

Foreign Minister Yerlan Idrisov told journalists in Almaty on xviii September 2001, seven days after the September 11 attacks in New York City, New York that Republic of kazakhstan and Russia are "ready for close cooperation with the United States in combating extremism." The argument came afterwards President Nazarbayev, Russian Security Council Secretary Vladimir Rushailo, and the heads of Kazakh law enforcement bodies finished negotiations in security cooperation. The coming together and Secretarial assistant Rushailo's overall tour through Central Asia were a response to the attacks in New York and the now best-selling threat of international terrorism and extremism originating from the surface area.[110]

In Oct 2001 United states of america Senators Sam Brownback and Mary Landrieu said Republic of kazakhstan is "set for the Usa to appoint on the topic of terrorism."[111]

United States air bases [edit]

In 2002 a Chinese diplomat accused the United States Government of trying to secure a defunct air base, originally used past the Soviet Matrimony specifically for theoretical armed services operations confronting China, near Semey in eastern Kazakhstan. A high-ranking Kazakh Defense Ministry official said the U.S. Authorities, as function of its anti-terrorism operations in Central Asia, had requested the use of military bases in Taraz and Taldykorgan. Ibragim Alibekov, a journalist for Radio Free Europe, characterized President Nursultan Nazarbayev's back up for the "anti-terrorism campaign" as cautious and "hesitant on the implementation of concrete cooperation measures."[112] However, the National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry applauds Republic of kazakhstan for playing "a vital role in U.South.-led efforts to combat international terrorism."[113] President Bush called Kazakhstan a "strategic partner of the United States in Fundamental Asia" and said the United States wanted to expand anti-terrorism cooperation.[114]

Alleged U.Southward. attempts to acquire bases were criticized past then Russian Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov, who said such deportment were unjustifiable, and Russian Country Duma Speaker Gennady Seleznev.[112]

An bearding good within the Kazakh Defence Ministry building said that "of all the assistance [Kazakhstan] tin can offer towards military counter-terrorism operations—assuasive utilise of our airfields, opening air corridors and sharing intelligence information—the last would be the least risky for Kazakhstan. Assuasive the use of airfields means going into direct confrontation with the Taliban, and that is not a good scenario in our state of affairs." An anonymous, high-ranking Foreign Ministry building official said "the influx of refugees" created by U.S. airstrikes in Afghanistan "is one problem, but the greater problem is that terrorists and militants might abscond n disguised every bit civilians." Professor Murat Abdirov, director of the International Relations Institute of Eurasian Academy, said, "Kazakhstan cannot stay away from the international anti-terrorism coalition, but we should continue with caution."[111]

The Kazakh authorities did offer the use of a major drome for military operations,[106] simply three years afterward, with U.S. military operations against the Taliban insurgency in Afghanistan continuing, General John Abizaid, head of U.Due south. Central Command, said on 3 May 2005 that the United States did not "expect to open a military base in Kazakhstan unless a tense state of affairs emerges in the region, under which the Kazakh government requests the U.South. armed forces to exercise so."[115]

Secretarial assistant of Land visits [edit]

United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice visited Kazakhstan on 12–13 October 2005. Secretary Rice met with Nazarbayev, opposition Chairman Zharmakhan Tuyakbay, and opposition leader Alikhan Baimenov in Astana. Nazarbayev told the press that he and Rice "noted with satisfaction our cooperation in the fight confronting terrorism. Peace became then fragile that such evils every bit terrorism, drug habit and AIDS tin be fought only through joint efforts." Rice applauded Nazarbayev'south strange policy and called Republic of kazakhstan an "island of stability" in Central Asian and a "key partner of the U.Due south. in strengthening stability and security." She as well thanked the President for its contributions to the invasion of Iraq, which Rice referred to equally proof of "high level cooperation in the field of security and [the] fight against terrorism."

Onetime U.S. Secretarial assistant of Land Henry Kissinger arrived in Astana on xv October, merely two days afterwards Rice'due south visit, and he likewise met with Nazarbayev. Kissinger said he believed the U.S. had a "good understanding with Kazakhstan [on] security ... The fact that high-ranked officials take regularly been visiting Kazakhstan lately shows that [the Usa Government is] keen to broaden this cooperation."[116]

U.Due south. Secretary of State John Kerry visited Astana on ane–two November 2015, as part of his Key Asian tour to reassure the multilateral ties between the U.s. and the Central Asian nations.[117] In Astana, Secretary Kerry participated in the U.S.–Kazakhstan Strategic Partnership Dialogue, met with Foreign Minister Idrissov and President Nazarbayev, and delivered a speech communication at the Nazarbayev University.[118]

Kazakh journalists visit to Los Angeles [edit]

Sabir Kairkhanov, editor-in-principal of Ak Zhaiyk, Botagoz Akzholovna Seidakhmetova, international news editor of Novoye Pokoleniye, and Dossym Satpayev, director of Assessment Risks Group, an NGO which publishes Kazakhstan Risk Review visited the Academy of California, Los Angeles on 1 August as function of a three-calendar week tour of the U.S. in an endeavour to proceeds insight on the War on Terrorism. They met with political science and economics professor Michael Intriligator who told the delegation about the possibility of terrorist attacks targeting the U.Due south. Navy. The journalists noted that in Kazakhstan new courses almost terrorism take been added to universities' curricula and Urban terrorism, a book mostly well-nigh terrorists in Almaty, has been published. They likewise discussed the Shanghai Cooperation Arrangement.[119]

The visitors all ranked Al Qaeda as the 8th greatest terrorist-danger in Republic of kazakhstan. Professor Intriligator said information technology is "absolutely premature to say that nosotros accept won the War against Terrorism. Nosotros are not whatever safer now than nosotros were before September 11."[119]

Visit of Midshipmen from Naval Academy in Maryland to Kazakhstan'south Embassy in Washington DC [edit]

Effectually 60 midshipmen from the U.S. Naval Academy in Maryland visited the embassy of Kazakhstan in Washington's Open Day at the beginning of Oct, 2014.[120] Embassy staff briefed the midshipmen on Kazakhstan'south foreign, defense and economic policies also every bit rich celebrated heritage.[120] The hereafter officers were interested in learning more virtually the cooperation opportunities, Baikonur space launch heart and tourism sites. Three Kazakh students study at the academy in 2014.[120]

See likewise [edit]

  • Kazakh Americans
  • Foreign relations of Kazakhstan
  • Foreign relations of the The states
  • Institute for New Democracies
  • Petroleum politics
  • U.s.a. oil politics

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External links [edit]

  • History of Kazakhstan - U.S. relations

Media related to Relations of Kazakhstan and the United states of america at Wikimedia Eatables

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93United_States_relations

Posted by: millerdurs1999.blogspot.com

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